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KSN heterozygosity is associated with continuous flowering of Rosa rugosa Purple branch | Horticulture Research

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KSN heterozygosity is associated with continuous flowering of Rosa rugosa Purple branch

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Published: 01 February 2021

KSN heterozygosity is associated with continuous flowering of Rosa rugosa Purple branch

Mengjuan Bai1 na1, Jinyi Liu1 na1, Chunguo Fan1, Yeqing Chen1, Hui Chen1, Jun Lu1, Jingjing Sun1, Guogui Ning2 & …Changquan Wang

ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2668-65411 Show authors

Horticulture Research

volume 8, Article number: 26 (2021)

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FloweringHistone post-translational modifications

AbstractRose (Rosa spp.) plants flower via two contrasting methods: once flowering (OF) and continuous flowering (CF). Purple branch is a rare continuously flowering variety of Rosa rugosa that is extensively cultivated in China. However, the genetic basis of its CF behavior is unknown. We demonstrated that Purple branch is heterozygous for the TFL1 homolog KSN. One KSN allele with a 9 kb Copia insertion was found to be identical to that from continuously flowering Rosa chinensis Old blush. The other allele was found to be a functional wild-type allele. The overall expression of KSN was closely linked to the floral transition, and it was significantly repressed in continuously flowering Purple branch compared with OF Plena. The promoter region of the normal KSN allele was hypermethylated, and histone methylation at H3H4, H3K9, and H3K27 of the KSN gene locus was modified in continuously flowering Purple branch. Silencing of the DNA methyltransferase genes MET1 and CMT3 and the histone methyltransferase gene SUVR5 in Purple branch led to enhanced KSN expression, but silencing of the histone demethylase gene JMJ12 suppressed KSN expression. Therefore, the CF habit of Purple branch may be due to reduced expression of KSN caused by the halved dose and may be associated with epigenetic modifications together with retrotransposon insertions along the chromosome. Our study revealed a novel mechanism underlying the CF behavior of rose plants.

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Sarah V. Schiessl, Daniela Quezada-Martinez, … Lunwen Qian

IntroductionRosa rugosa Thunb., a member of the Rosaceae family, which is indigenous to Eastern Asia, was introduced into Europe and North America in the middle of the nineteenth century1,2. In addition to producing fragrant flowers, this popular and economically valuable ornamental species has medicinal properties. R. rugosa flowers are widely used in traditional and folk medicine in China, Japan, and Korea due to the presence of secondary metabolites that exert pharmacological activities3. Essential oil from petals, known as “liquid gold”, is a raw material used in perfumes, cosmetics, aromatherapy, spices, and the nutrition industry4. Unlike modern roses (Rosa hybrida), which flower continuously throughout the year, most R. rugosa varieties flower once a year during the spring. Efforts to produce flowers year-round rely on screening and breeding new continuously flowering R. rugosa varieties.Flowering, which involves the transition from vegetative growth to reproductive development, is controlled by external environmental cues and endogenous signals through six genetic pathways in Arabidopsis: the photoperiod, vernalization, autonomous, gibberellin, age, and temperature pathways5. Rose plants have three flowering methods: an once flowering (OF) period in the spring; continuous flowering (CF) during favorable growth seasons; and occasional reblooming6,7.Rose KSN, a homolog of TFL1 of Arabidopsis thaliana, acts as a flowering repressor to control OF/CF. In OF rose cultivars, the expression of KSN is repressed in the winter and early spring, so the plants bloom only in late spring. After blooming, KSN expression is activated and represses further flower formation in the summer6,8,9. Continuously flowering Rosa chinensis Old blush contains a 9 kb Copia retrotransposon insertion in the second intron of KSN, and this insertion blocks KSN expression, enabling continuous flowering9. Old blush is hybridized with European rose plants to generate modern rose plants, in which the recurrent flowering trait has presumably been transferred into the modern rose plants6. Therefore, most continuously flowering rose cultivars are expected to harbor this mutated allele of KSN from Old blush. However, the presence of a null allele has been suggested in the haploid Old blush genome sequence and possibly contributes to its CF behavior10, and some continuously flowering rose plants have no Copia insertion in their KSN gene11,12; thus, the mutation of KSN may not be the only reason for the rose CF trait.In Arabidopsis, TFL1 maintains the indeterminate growth of the inflorescence meristem by inhibiting AP1 and LFY expression13,14. In tfl1 mutants, indeterminate meristems are rapidly converted into determinate meristems, which produce terminal flowers13,15,16. Functional characterization of FvTFL1 has confirmed its role as a floral repressor that causes OF: mutations in this gene lead to CF in strawberry9,17. In perennial woody plant species, silencing the TFL1 homolog shortens the juvenile period and causes continuous flowering. For example, silencing MdTFL1 in apple (Malus domestica) reduces the juvenile period from 5 years to several months18,19, whereas silencing PcTFL1 in pear (Pyrus communis L.) accelerates flowering by 1–8 months20. In Populus spp., silencing of the TFL1 orthologs PopCEN1/PopCEN2 hastens the first onset of flowering, maintains the indeterminate growth of axillary meristems and accelerates bud dormancy release upon chilling21. In perennial Arabis alpine plants, AaTFL1 regulates the duration of age-dependent vernalization required for AaLFY expression and sets a threshold for flowering22. Therefore, TFL1 (KSN) is functionally conserved as a flowering repressor.Purple branch is a rare continuously flowering variety of R. rugosa that is cultivated widely in China. R. rugosa Purple branch provides raw materials for the production of essential oils, jams, teas, pies, beverages, and other derivatives, integrating the primary, secondary and tertiary industries. To date, the origin of Purple branch remains unclear, but it is generally considered to have derived from an interspecific cross between R. rugosa Plena and Rosa davurica23,24. Intriguingly, its presumptive parents are OF rose species (Fig. 1); thus, its CF behavior remains unexplained. Elucidating the molecular mechanism of the CF trait in Purple branch will provide a theoretical basis for breeding new varieties with different flowering phenotypes.Fig. 1: Images of R. rugosa Plena, R. rugosa Purple branch and R. davurica.R. rugosa Plena and R. davurica are OF species blooming from April to May. R. rugosa Purple branch is a continuously flowering variety that flowers from April to October. The flowering time is represented by the gray boxesFull size imageIn this paper, we demonstrate that the continuously flowering R. rugosa Purple branch is heterozygous for KSN: it contains one normal transcribed wild-type allele and another transcriptionally blocked allele with a 9-kb Copia insertion, identical to that in R. chinensis Old blush. We show that the CF behavior of Purple branch is associated with reduced KSN expression. This reduction is due to the halved dose of the wild-type KSN allele and is linked to promoter hypermethylation and histone modification at the KSN locus. We thus present a novel mechanism for the production of the CF habit of rose plants.Materials and methodsPlant materials and growth conditionsR. rugosa Purple branch, R. rugosa Plena, R. davurica and R. chinensis Old blush were grown in the rose resource nursery of Nanjing Agricultural University (Nanjing, China) under natural conditions.Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type (Columbia), tfl1-14 mutant and transgenic lines were grown in a grown chamber under controlled conditions (22 °C, 40% relative humidity, and 180 μmol m−2 s−1 of photosynthetically active radiation) under long-day conditions (16 h of light/8 h of darkness).Gene cloning and expression analysisGenomic DNA from Purple branch, Plena, R. davurica and Old blush leaves was isolated by the CTAB method25. The different fragments of the KSN gene were isolated by PCR using the primers listed in Table S1. For expression analysis, shoot apices of field-grown Purple branch, Plena and R. davurica were collected on 29 March, 11 April and 30 September 2019, flash frozen in liquid nitrogen, and then stored at −80 °C. Total RNA was extracted using a Vazyme FastPure Plant Total RNA Isolation Kit (Polysaccharides & Polyphenolics rich, Vazyme Biotech, Nanjing, China). One microgram of high-quality total RNA was reverse transcribed using TransScript One-Step gDNA Removal and cDNA Synthesis SuperMix (Transgen Biotech, Beijing, China) according to the manufacturers’ instructions. The cDNA was amplified via RT-PCR, and quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) of KSN and FT was carried out with ABI QuantStudio 5 instrument (ABI Life Technologies, Carlsbad, USA) using the primers listed in Table S1; RcGAPDH was used as an internal reference26. Each experiment was conducted for three biological replicates, with three technical repeats each.Methylation-specific PCR (MSP)Methylation of the KSN promoter was studied using MSP. Less than 500 ng of genomic DNA was treated with sodium bisulfite using an EZ DNA Methylation Kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, USA). The treated DNA was subsequently used as a template for PCR. Approximately 1 kb of the KSN promoter region was amplified using two pairs of primers (Table S1) that were designed via Methyl Primer Express v1.0. The total volume of the PCR was 25 μl, and PCR was performed using TaKaRa EpiTaq HS (for bisulfite-treated DNA) according to the following protocol: 35 cycles of 98 °C for 10 s, 55–60 °C for 30 s, and 72 °C for 30 s, followed by 72 °C for 10 min. The resulting PCR fragments were ligated into a pMD-18-T vector (TaKaRa, Dalian, China), which was then transformed into Escherichia coli (Trans-T1) (Transgen Biotech, Beijing, China), and 10 clones per sample were sequenced using a bioanalyzer. Each experiment was performed for three biological repeats. The methylation percentages of cytosine (C) in CG, CHH and CHG (H=A, C or T) were analyzed using online software (http://katahdin.mssm.edu/kismeth/revpage.pl), and the running parameters were as follows: minimum fraction of positive matches, 0.8; minimum fraction of length, 0.5.Chromatin immunoprecipitation PCR (ChIP-PCR)ChIP-PCR was performed as described previously27, with slight modifications. Shoot apices of field-grown Purple branch and Plena were collected in September 2020 and ground in liquid nitrogen in M1 buffer (10 mM phosphate buffer [pH 7.0], 0.1 M NaCl, 10 mM mercaptoethanol, 1 M hexylene glycol, 1× protease inhibitor cocktail [Roche], 5% PVP, and 1 mM PMSF). The suspension was filtered through four layers of Miracloth, after which the filtrate was centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 10 min. The pelleted chromatin was washed thrice with M2 buffer (M1 buffer plus 10 mM MgCl2 and 0.5% Triton X-100) and once with M3 buffer (10 mM phosphate buffer [pH 7.0], 0.1 M NaCl, 10 mM mercaptoethanol, 1× protease inhibitor cocktail [Roche], and 1 mM PMSF). The chromatin was resuspended in nuclear lysis buffer and sonicated to generate DNA fragments of approximately 500 bp. The lysate was precleared by incubation together with 50 µl of protein-A agarose beads/salmon sperm DNA (Millipore, Billerica, USA) for 1 h. It was then incubated together with IgG, anti-H3K4me3, anti-H3K9me3, and anti-H3K27me2 antibodies (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) overnight. The bound DNA fragments were recovered and purified using columns from a plasmid extraction kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Quantitative real-time PCR was subsequently performed using the bound and input DNA as templates in conjunction with the primers listed in Table S1.Transient transformation systemThe coding regions of MET1, CMT3, JMJ12, and SUVR5 of R. rugosa Purple branch were cloned using the primers listed in Table S1 and then sequenced. The resulting sequences were used for phylogenetic analysis with Arabidopsis thaliana to validate their reliabilities and then submitted to the NCBI database.To silence specific genes using RNAi, the conserved fragments of MET1 (MW012566), CMT3 (MW012565), JMJ12 (MW012568) and SUVR5 (MW012567) were amplified from cDNA of Purple branch using specific primers (Supplemental Table S1). The 300–400 bp amplicons were then subcloned into a pENTR-D-TOPO vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA). A pFAST-R03 binary vector (http://www.psb.ugent.be/) was used in the subsequent LR recombination to generate RNAi plasmids.To analyze the RNAi effects, young shoots of Purple branch were transiently transformed as previously described28. Briefly, young shoots were placed into a 50-mL Agrobacterium solution carrying the gene fragments of interest and vacuum infiltrated for 5 min, and an Agrobacterium solution carrying the empty vector served as a control. After being released from the vacuum, the shoots were washed with deionized water, and the leaves were collected for RNA extraction and q-PCR analysis after 3 days.Statistical analysesStatistical analysis of the data was performed via SPSS 17 statistical software. Two groups of data were compared using Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) tests (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01). Multiple groups of data were compared using the Kruskal–Wallis (KW) test, with P < 0.05 considered significant.ResultsPurple branch contains two KSN allelesWe cloned the KSN promoter and coding region from continuously flowering Purple branch, OF Plena, and R. davurica using the same primers that were previously used to amplify this region in R. chinensis Old blush29. We used the primer pair F1/R1 to amplify the promoter fragment and the primer pair F1/R2 to clone the full-length KSN gene, including both the promoter and coding areas (Fig. 2a). Based on the results of electrophoresis analysis of the PCR products on agarose gels, we obtained two bands from the Purple branch, with primers F1/R1 or F1/R2, and only one band of KSN from Plena and R. davurica (Fig. 2b, d).Fig. 2: Heterozygous KSN-Copia/KSN-Wt-Pb in continuously flowering Purple branch.a Schematic representation of the KSN gene in Rosaceae. The promoter is represented by a thick black line, exons are represented by gray boxes, introns are represented by thin black lines, and primers are indicated with arrows. b PCR products separated on an agarose gel by electrophoresis using primers F1/R1 in Purple branch (Pb), Plena (Pl), R. davurica (Rd) and R. chinensis Old blush (Ob). Only one band is amplified in OF Pl and Rd, whereas there are two bands (1 and 2) in CF Pb. c Sequence alignment indicating that Pb promoter 1 is identical to the KSN promoter in Ob and that Pb promoter 2 is identical to the KSN promoter in Pl. d PCR amplification of KSN using primers F1/R2 in Pb, Pl, Rd and Ob. e Sequence alignment of the 2.1 kb product in Pb: the second intron contains a 44 bp insertion compared with the second intron of Pl and Rd. f Schematic representation of the heterozygous KSN-Copia/KSN-Wt-Pb in CF PbFull size imageSubsequent sequence alignment showed that the sequence of one of the KSN alleles from Purple branch was almost the same as that from Plena, except for a few SNPs and a 44 bp insertion in the second intron. The other allele was similar to that from CF R. chinensis Old blush and contained a Copia retrotransposon insertion in the second intron (Figs. 2c, e and S1). These results indicate that the diploid Purple branch is heterozygous for KSN (KSN-Copia/KSN-Wt-Pb) (Fig. 2f). Because neither allele was similar to that of R. davurica, our work contradicts the notion that Purple branch was derived from an interspecific cross between R. rugosa Plena and R. davurica.

KSN expression is lower in Purple branch than in Plena and R. davurica

Because one of the KSN alleles contains a 9 kb Copia insertion in the second intron in Purple branch, we tested whether the other allele contains a 44 bp insertion in the second intron that was transcribed normally. We cloned the coding regions of KSN from the cDNA of Purple branch, Plena, and R. davurica. We obtained a single band from the three different genotypes and sequenced the amplicons (Fig. 3a). Purple branch was identical to Plena (Fig. 3d, e) and contained a few bases that were different from those of R. davurica and R. chinensis Old blush. Thus, continuously flowering Purple branch carrying a wild-type KSN allele can be transcribed normally without interference by the 44 bp insertion.Fig. 3: Expression analysis of KSN from Purple branch, Plena and R. davurica.a PCR amplification of KSN using primers F2/R2 from cDNA of Purple branch (Pb), Plena (Pl) and R. davurica (Rd). b, c Expression levels of KSN and FT from Pb, Pl, and Rd in March, April, and September. d, e Show the nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence alignments of KSN genes from Pb, Pl, Rd, and R. wichurana (Ro). The letters above the bars indicate significant differences, as determined by the KW test (P < 0.05)Full size imageTo further compare the expression levels of KSN among Purple branch, Plena, and R. davurica and determine the link between KSN and flowering modes, we conducted qRT-PCR on samples collected in March (before blooming), April (during blooming), and September (continuously flowering Purple branch blooms, but OF R. rugosa Plena and R. davurica do not bloom) from all three genotypes. KSN expression was inhibited before flowering, maintained at relatively low levels during flowering, but obviously increased after flowering in September not only in OF R. rugosa Plena and R. davurica but also in continuously flowering Purple branch (Fig. 3b). However, the KSN expression in continuously flowering Purple branch being dramatically lower than that in OF Plena and R. davurica at all three time points may be caused by halved doses, leading to a CF habit. We also analyzed FT expression at the same time points. The expression levels of FT in Purple branch, Plena, and R. davurica were all higher in April than in March, and the levels still increased in September in continuously flowering Purple branch but declined significantly in OF R. rugosa Plena and R. davurica (Fig. 3c). Therefore, KSN expression was negatively associated with the flowering transition in the spring, and the flowering of Purple branch in autumn may be due to the integrative effects of both KSN and FT.

KSN from Purple branch rescues the early-flowering tfl1 mutant phenotypeTo determine the functional conservation of the KSN transcript from Purple branch, we expressed this gene under the constitutive 35S promoter in the Arabidopsis tfl1 mutant background. We then examined the flowering phenotype and gene expression levels in the transgenic plants.The heterologous expression of KSN from Purple branch rescued the early flowering and determinate growth of the inflorescence of tfl1 mutants (Fig. 4a, b). The tfl1-14 mutant produced 5.8 rosette leaves in contrast to the 9 rosette leaves produced by wild-type Arabidopsis at flowering. The flowering of the KSN-OE-1 and KSN-OE-2 lines was delayed to occurring when there were more than 20 rosette leaves. This delay was associated with increased KSN mRNA levels. Seedlings of the KSN-OE-3 line, with relatively high KSN expression levels, were more delayed and produced more than 30 rosette leaves before flowering (Fig. 4b, c).Fig. 4: Ectopic expression of KSN from continuously flowering Purple branch rescues the early flowering phenotype of the Arabidopsis tfl1 mutant.a Phenotype of Arabidopsis wild type (WT); tfl1-14 mutants; and the KSN heterologous expression lines KSN-OE-1, KSN-OE-2, and KSN-OE-3. b Rosette leaves of the above genotypes at flowering. c Expression levels of KSN in the above genotypes. The error bars indicate the standard deviations (n = 3). The different letters above the bars indicate significant differences, as determined by the KW test (P < 0.05)Full size imageIn addition, some transgenic seedlings produced leaf-like floral organs that generated no seeds. These results corroborated those from studies of overexpression of TFL1 from Vitis vinifera, Lotus japonicus and Rosa wichurana in Arabidopsis30,31,32. Thus, the KSN of Purple branch is the functional homolog of TFL1 in Arabidopsis and other species and acts as a floral repressor.The KSN promoter in Purple branch is hypermethylatedWe hypothesized that the heterozygosity-induced dose decrease may not be the only reason for the inhibition of KSN. The 9 kb insertion may alter the chromatin structure and induce epigenetic suppression or activation. Using MSP, we tested the methylation status of CpG islands in the promoter of the normally transcribed KSN allele in Purple branch. The B fragment (–984 to –502 bp) rather than the A fragment (–501 to –92 bp) was identified as the CpG island for DNA methylation (Fig. 5a, b). The total percentages of the three types of methylation (CG/CHG/CHH) within the B fragment were slightly higher in continuously flowering Purple branch than in OF Plena at all three time points (Fig. 5d), while it was higher only in April within the A fragment in continuously flowering Purple branch (Fig. S2a and S2c). Of the three types of methylation, CG and CHG methylation were most common (Figs. 5c and S2b). The methylation intensity within the promoter was negatively associated with the corresponding level of the KSN transcript presented in Fig. 3. Thus, hypermethylation may have partially contributed to the lower expression of KSN in Purple branch.Fig. 5: Region B methylation status of the KSN promoter in Purple branch and Plena.a Schematic representation of fragment B (–984 to –501 bp) and fragment A (–501 to –92 bp) of the KSN promoter. b The methylation status of CG/CHG/CHH sites in region B of KSN promoters from Purple branch (Pb) and Plena (Pl) in March, April, and September. The colored lines above the X-axis show the percentage of methylation at individual cytosine sites. The short bars at the bottom of the graph show the positions of the cytosines. c The pie chart shows the percentage of region B with three types of methylation at different stages in Pb and Pl. d Comparisons of the total methylation percentage of region B in Pb and Pl according to Kismeth software (http://katahdin.mssm.edu/kismeth/revpage.pl). The error bars indicate the standard deviations (n = 3). The asterisks above the bars indicate significant differences, as determined by KS tests (*P < 0.05)Full size imageHistone methylation of the KSN locus in Purple branch is modifiedTo investigate how histone modification regulates KSN expression, we collected shoot apices from field-grown Purple branch and Plena and analyzed KSN expression and the chromatin environment at the KSN locus in continuously flowering Purple branch and OF Plena via ChIP using H3K4me3-specific antibodies (to determine active loci) and H3K9me3- and H3K27me2-specific antibodies (to determine silent loci). We designed specific primers throughout the promoter and the second intron regions (Fig. 6a and Table S1) and performed ChIP-qPCR. KSN expression was obviously lower in Purple branch than in Plena (Fig. S3), which is in line with the previous results shown in Fig. 3. The histone methylation marks H3K9me3 and H3K27me2 increased in continuously flowering Purple branch but remained unchanged or decreased in OF Plena. The H3K4me3 mark decreased in continuously flowering Purple branch but remained unchanged in OF Plena (Fig. 6b). Thus, the enhanced histone methylation at H3K27 and H3K9 and the reduced methylation at H3K4 may play important roles in maintaining the lower expression of the normal KSN allele in Purple branch, leading to its CF behavior.Fig. 6: Histone methylation of the KSN locus in Purple branch and Plena.a Schematic representation showing ChIP-qPCR regions A (–638 to –496 bp), B (–387 to –240 bp) and C (494 to 595 bp), marked by black bars below the KSN genomic diagram. b Enrichment of H3K4me3, H3K9me3 and H3K27me2 in different regions of KSN from Purple branch (Pb) and Plena (Pl). IgG was used as a negative control, and ANTI indicates the corresponding antibodies. The error bars indicate the standard deviations (n = 3). The asterisks above the bars indicate significant differences, as determined by KS tests (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01)Full size image

KSN expression increases upon silencing MET1, CMT3, and SUVR5

In Arabidopsis, DNA methylation is mainly performed by members of the C5-MTase families. MET1, which belongs to the METHYLTRANSFERASE (MET) family, maintains CG methylation. CMT3, which belongs to the CHROMOMETHYLTRANSFERASE (CMT) family, maintains CHG methylation33. The cmt3 mutant shows a near-complete loss of CpXpG methylation, and met1 shows a marked reduction in CpG methylation; both types of methylation in turn cause gene silencing34,35. Histone modifications affect various changes in chromatin structure, leading to the promotion or suppression of gene expression36. JMJ12 (REF6), which belongs to the KDM4/JHDM3 group of the JmjC family37, encodes a histone H3 lysine 27 demethylase38, and silencing of RcJMJ12 induced late flowering in Rosa chinensis39. The SET family gene SUVR5 regulates flowering time through H3K9me2 and H3K27me3 and is independent of the vernalization pathway40,41,42.To examine the epigenetic regulation of KSN expression in Purple branch, we cloned the homologs of Arabidopsis MET1, CMT3, JMJ12, and SUVR5 from continuously flowering Purple branch and constructed phylogenetic trees together with their homologs in Arabidopsis to verify their correctness before submitting the sequences to the NCBI database (Fig. S4). We then designed primers (listed in Supplemental Table S1) specific to their conserved regions and silenced the genes in young rose shoots using a transient transformation system described previously28. The subsequent qRT-PCR results showed that silencing MET1, CMT3, JMJ12, and SUVR5 significantly altered the DNA methylation/histone acetylation status at the KSN locus (Figs. S5 and S6), which was followed by a significant increase in KSN transcription in Ri-MET1, Ri-CMT3 and Ri-SUVR5 seedlings compared with a decrease in KSN expression in Ri-JMJ12 seedlings of continuously flowering Purple branch (Fig. 7). Thus, DNA methylation and histone methylation are potentially partially responsible for the repression of KSN in Purple branch.Fig. 7: Silencing MET1, CMT3, and SUVR5 increases KSN expression in Purple branch.a, b Expression levels of MET1, CMT3, and KSN in Purple branch seedlings of Ri-MET1 and Ri-CMT3 lines. c, d Expression levels of JMJ12, SUVR5, and KSN in Purple branch seedlings of Ri-JMJ12 and Ri-SUVR5 lines. Gene expression was measured via qRT-PCR for three biological replicates, with three technical repeats each. The RcGADPH gene was used as internal reference. The asterisks above the bars indicate significant differences, as determined by KS tests (**P < 0.01)Full size imageDiscussionPrevious studies have genotyped KSN in a wide range of rose cultivars and established that some Damask-related roses (e.g., Damask, Moss, Hybrid musk, and Bourbon roses) and Asian roses (e.g., Hybrid rugosa and Hybrid bracteate roses) were CF types but contained no mutated alleles of KSN from R. chinensis12. Similarly, it was also found that continuously flowering R. rugosa Hamanasu from Japan had only a wild KSN allele without any insertion or obvious mutations11. Therefore, the CF behavior of rose plants may not be simply explained by the mutation or insertion of the KSN gene. Interestingly, the present results clearly showed that the KSN allele with the Copia insertion from R. chinensis was substantial in R. rugosa Purple branch (Figs. 2 and 3), which is heterozygous (KSN-Copia/KSN-Wt-Pb) at the KSN locus. The wild-type KSN allele was proven to be functional via heterologous expression in Arabidopsis (Fig. 4). This discrepancy may be caused by different experimental materials or methods, as there are different cultivars and varieties of R. rugosa from different origins. Additionally, the KSN allele carrying the 9 kb insertion was not easily amplified with the normal DNA polymerase and general PCR protocol.Next, KSN expression was suppressed during the floral initiation period in early spring (April) and dramatically upregulated in the shoot apices after flower initiation in all three species, although KSN expression was still much lower in continuously flowering Purple branch than OF Plena and R. davurica in September (Fig. 3b). In contrast, expression of the floral activator FT significantly increased in April in all three species, decreased in OF Plena and R. davurica but continued climbing in continuously flowering Purple branch (Fig. 3c). Consequently, continuously flowering Purple branch exhibited high expression of both FT and KSN in September. Plant flowering is precisely determined by the equilibrium between floral promoters and repressors. FT, a member of the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) family, is a key florigen that integrates the internal and external signals for floral transition43,44. In the shoot apical meristem (SAM), FT interacts with FD to activate floral identity genes such as AP1 and LFY and initiates floral bud formation45,46. Like the flowering promoter FT, TFL1 is also classified as a PEBP member47 but with a function opposite that of FT, acting as a floral repressor. TFL1 interacts with FD to form a TFL1-FD complex, opposing the function of the FT-FD complex in regulating downstream gene expression48. Thus, the floral activator FT may antagonize or suppress the repressor KSN in continuously flowering Purple branch, enabling its flowering in autumn.Nevertheless, the overall expression of KSN was clearly linked to the alternation of vegetative/reproductive stages of rose plants in the present paper and in six other nonrecurrent flowering species and nine recurrent flowering cultivars49. Furthermore, the expression level of KSN in continuously flowering Purple branch was obviously lower than that in OF Plena and R. davurica at all three time points, which was convincingly associated with the CF trait of Purple branch. Although other factors may be involved in controlling the CF trait, the roles of reduced KSN expression should be predominant and can be mainly attributed to the decreasing dose associated with the heterozygosity of KSN loci in Purple branch (Figs. 2 and 3).All plants have various transposons (TEs) that can disrupt local gene structure, affect the expression of nearby genes, and induce chromosomal instability. Most TEs are silenced and immobilized under normal conditions. DNA methylation and histone methylation are reversible epigenetic modifications that control transposon activity50,51,52. The 9 kb Copia-like retrotransposon insertion in R. chinensis Old blush not only blocks transcription of the host KSN allele but also results in a large rearrangement at the CF locus, leading to the complete deletion of the other KSN allele11. Therefore, the diploid Old blush is hemizygous: RoKSNCopia/RoKSNnull. This allowed us to test the DNA and histone methylation status of the KSN locus. We observed hypermethylation of the KSN promoter and enhanced methylation levels of H3K9 and H3K27 at the KSN locus in continuously flowering Purple branch compared with OF varieties without Copia insertions (Figs. 5 and 6). These results implied that the presence of Copia-like retrotransposon insertion may potentially affect the epigenetic status of the KSN locus in continuously flowering Purple branch. Further silencing the DNA methyltransferase genes MET1 and CMT3 and histone methyltransferase gene SUVR5 in young shoots significantly increased the expression of KSN in the Purple branch (Fig. 7), highlighting the importance of epigenetic modification in KSN expression. Taken together, these data suggested that the reduction in KSN expression may be associated with epigenetic modifications, except for the halved dose in continuously flowering Purple branch.In conclusion, the R. rugosa Purple branch was found to be heterozygous at KSN, and its CF trait was associated with the lower expression of KSN. The reduction in KSN was caused by the halved dose and was also associated with hypermethylation of the promoter region and histone modification at the KSN locus following the 9 kb Copia insertion in the other allele. This suggests a novel mechanism for the production of the CF habit in rose plants.

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Download referencesAcknowledgementsThis work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2019YFD1000400), the NSFC (31972449) and the NSFC-XINJIANG joint foundation (U1803102), which provided grants to Changquan Wang; the NSFC (31801890), which provided a grant to Jinyi Liu; and the Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province, which provided a grant to Mengjuan Bai.Author informationAuthor notesThese authors contributed equally: Mengjuan Bai, Jinyi LiuAuthors and AffiliationsCollege of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, ChinaMengjuan Bai, Jinyi Liu, Chunguo Fan, Yeqing Chen, Hui Chen, Jun Lu, Jingjing Sun & Changquan WangCollege of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, ChinaGuogui NingAuthorsMengjuan BaiView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarJinyi LiuView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarChunguo FanView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarYeqing ChenView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarHui ChenView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarJun LuView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarJingjing SunView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

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PubMed Google ScholarContributionsMengjuan Bai and Jinyi Liu conceived and designed the experiments; Chunguo Fan, Yeqing Chen, Hui Chen, Jun Lu, and Jingjing Sun performed parts of the experiments; and Guogui Ning and Changquan Wang wrote the manuscript.Corresponding authorCorrespondence to

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Supplementary informationFigure S6Table S1Figure S1Figure S2Figure S3Figure S4Figure S5Rights and permissions

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Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleBai, M., Liu, J., Fan, C. et al. KSN heterozygosity is associated with continuous flowering of Rosa rugosa Purple branch.

Hortic Res 8, 26 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-021-00464-8Download citationReceived: 24 July 2020Revised: 10 November 2020Accepted: 13 November 2020Published: 01 February 2021DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-021-00464-8Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard

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KSN 是什么意思?

你在寻找KSN的含义吗？在下图中，您可以看到KSN的主要定义。如果需要，您还可以下载要打印的图像文件，或者您可以通过Facebook，Twitter，Pinterest，Google等与您的朋友分享。要查看KSN的所有含义，请向下滚动。完整的定义列表按字母顺序显示在下表中。

KSN的主要含义

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KSN的所有定义

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首字母缩写词定义KSNKetua Setiausaha 马来西亚KSN儿童歌曲网KSN卡巴斯基安全网络KSN昆达里尼支持网络KSN知识共享网络KSN知识社会网络

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卡巴斯基实验室安全解决方案和技术处理用户数据的原则 | | 卡巴斯基

实验室安全解决方案和技术处理用户数据的原则 | | 卡巴斯基跳到主体内容卡巴斯基徽标家庭用户产品试用和更新资源中心博客企业Small Business小型企业 1-50 名员工Medium Business中型企业 51-999 名员工Enterprise大型企业超过1000 名员工关于我们关于公司透明度公司新闻新闻中心招贤纳士赞助项目政策博客联系人合作伙伴查找经销商查找分销商与 KASPERSKY 合作现有客户个人我的卡巴斯基续订您的产品更新您的产品客户支持企业KSOS 门户Kaspersky Business Hub技术支持知识库续订授权许可

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卡巴斯基处理数据的方法卡巴斯基处理用户数据的方法基于对用户隐私的尊重和保护，以及对保持透明和承担责任的承诺。

我们公司处理数据主要是为了向客户提供最优质的网络安全解决方案。为实现这一目标，我们在处理数据时通常会考虑以下三个主要目的：(a) 支持关键产品功能，(b) 提高保护组件的性能和效果，以及 (c) 为客户提供更完善、更合适的解决方案以及适当的内容。欲了解更多信息，请参阅我们的产品和服务隐私政策。

用户发送给卡巴斯基的数据不会识别出特定个人或组织，并且会尽可能匿名化。具体做法包括从传输的 URL 中删除帐户详细信息、获取威胁的哈希值总和而非确切的文件、隐藏用户 IP 地址等。

卡巴斯基产品的用户可以根据他们想要使用的产品或服务的功能以及接受的相应协议，选择是否想要提供数据以及提供多少数据。

卡巴斯基始终提供有关数据处理的信息，特别是将要进行处理的数据的完整列表，以确保客户能够做出明智的决定。我们每隔六个月会发布一份透明度报告，公布我们从用户那里收到和处理了多少数据请求。

所有进行处理和/或传输的数据都通过加密、数字证书、隔离存储、严格的数据访问策略和其他方式得到可靠保护。我们公司还应用安全软件开发框架 (SSDF) 并实施供应链风险管控措施，以确保用于数据处理的基础设施和系统的安全。

卡巴斯基不断审查由其解决方案处理的数据类型，以保护客户的隐私并符合最新法律要求，如欧洲的《通用数据保护条例》(GDPR)。

你们是否处理个人数据？

根据某些法律框架（如 GDPR），卡巴斯基处理的信息可能包含个人数据或可识别个人身份的数据。卡巴斯基从不处理“敏感”的个人数据，例如宗教信仰、政治观点、性取向、健康状况或其他特殊类别的个人数据。

卡巴斯基始终提供有关数据处理的信息，尤其是将要进行处理的数据的完整列表，以确保客户了解情况并做出明智的决定。所处理数据的详细信息载于最终用户许可协议 (EULA)、卡巴斯基安全网络 (KSN) 声明和其他协议，这些文档因产品而异。我们以汇总统计数据的形式使用用户发送给卡巴斯基的数据，这些数据不会识别出特定个人，并且会尽可能匿名化。

哪些数据会被处理？

卡巴斯基可能会处理与网络威胁有关的数据和统计信息。与网络威胁有关的数据包括可疑文件和恶意文件以及所谓的统计数据。统计数据代表元信息，即关于客户机器上所发生事件的补充性技术信息，我们的产品可能会基于各种因素发送这些信息：例如用户活动、卡巴斯基产品设置、安装卡巴斯基产品的操作系统的配置以及系统上安装的其他软件。所处理的所有数据的详细信息载于最终用户许可协议 (EULA)、卡巴斯基安全网络 (KSN) 声明和其他文档，这些文档因产品而异。

你们如何保护用户数据？

我们始终致力于保护客户的数据。为此，我们采用一流的技术作为后盾。卡巴斯基采取的安全措施和流程包括：

安全开发生命周期 — 旨在确保解决方案的安全开发并尽快修复所有潜在漏洞；

利用强加密来保护在用户设备和云端之间交换的数据流；

对 Kaspersky Password Manager 和 Kaspersky Safe Kids 等服务中的用户信息进行加密。用户有一个主密钥，这意味着除了用户本人之外，其他人均无法访问其信息；

数字证书，用于确保合法且安全的服务器认证和产品更新；

隔离存储，意味着不同的数据存储在不同的服务器上，对访问权限进行限制，并有严格的数据访问策略；

尽可能通过各种方法对数据进行匿名化处理，例如从传输的 URL 中删除帐户详细信息、获取威胁的哈希值总和而非确切的文件、隐藏用户 IP 地址等。

你们如何匿名化处理收集的数据？

卡巴斯基高度重视用户的隐私。公司实施以下措施对获得的数据进行匿名化处理：

信息以汇总或匿名统计数据的形式进行分析，并且不会识别出特定个人；

即使用户在最初使用浏览器时会输入登录名和密码，这些信息也会从传输的 URL 中过滤掉；

在处理可能存在威胁的数据时，我们会得到哈希值总和，这是提供唯一文件标识符的单向数学函数；

我们会尽可能将收到的数据中的 IP 地址和设备信息作隐藏处理；

数据存储在具有严格访问权限策略的不同服务器上，并且用户与云端之间传输的所有信息都被安全地加密。

卡巴斯基将数据存储在哪里？

卡巴斯基是一家全球性企业，其数据处理基础设施分布在世界各地（例如瑞士、德国、俄罗斯、加拿大等地），可以更快地处理信息并在其中一个设施因任何原因出现故障时保证服务器的可用性。欲查看可对用户提供的个人数据进行处理的国家/地区的详细列表，请访问：https://www.kaspersky.com/products-and-services-privacy-policy。

作为我们的 “全球透明度倡议”(GTI) 的一部分，卡巴斯基迁移了部分数据处理基础设施：在欧洲、北美和拉丁美洲、中东以及亚太地区的多个国家/地区，卡巴斯基产品用户自愿分享的恶意和可疑文件会在瑞士苏黎世的两个数据中心进行处理。这两个数据中心提供符合领先安全标准的世界级设施。此外，瑞士是少数几个取得欧盟“充分性认定”的国家/地区之一，即瑞士被欧盟委员会认定为可提供充分的个人数据保护。

什么是卡巴斯基安全网络？

卡巴斯基安全网络 (KSN) 是卡巴斯基的主要云系统之一，旨在最大限度地提高发现新型和未知网络威胁的效率，从而确保为用户提供最快、最有效的保护。卡巴斯基用户选择使用该系统后，KSN 会对从他们的数百万台设备处接收到的网络威胁相关数据进行自动处理。这种基于云的系统方法现在已成为全球众多网络安全供应商实施的行业标准。

什么是基于‘云’的系统？

这是在公司服务器上而不是各个设备上运行的一个系统，全球任何地方都可以通过互联网使用这一系统。举例来说，云系统包括电子邮件、文件共享和文件托管系统。卡巴斯基安全网络的服务设施遍布全球不同国家/地区（加拿大、德国、瑞士、俄罗斯等），可以更快地处理信息并在其中任何一个设施出现故障时保证服务器的可用性。

云保护的目的是什么？

大多数网络安全供应商借助云服务来提高保护水平，而混合保护模式（反病毒数据库 + 主动防御 + 云）是最有效的。

借助高性能的安全云服务，我们能够更快、更准确地分析网络威胁。传统的反病毒和反钓鱼数据库更新周期通常需要数小时，而云服务能让用户在数分钟内做好新威胁防范。

云服务还能让安全产品“瘦身”，使其不会占用用户设备上过多的内存和资源。

可以对数据处理进行限制吗？

我们的客户可以根据他们想要使用的产品或服务的功能以及接受的相应协议，选择是否要提供数据以及要提供多少数据。卡巴斯基始终提供有关数据处理的信息，特别是将要进行处理的数据的完整列表，以确保客户能够做出明智的决定。此外，卡巴斯基会定期发布透明度报告，公开披露我们从用户那里收到和处理了多少数据请求。欲查看最新报告，请点击此处。

我们的客户可以将解决方案配置成完全不共享任何数据，并且可以登录 https://support.kaspersky.com/general/privacy 与我们直接联系，行使正当权利，访问自己的已处理个人数据。

你们是否与第三方共享卡巴斯基解决方案处理的个人数据？

我们从不向任何第三方或任何政府组织提供对公司基础设施（包括用户数据基础设施）的访问权限。

卡巴斯基可能会依据与供应商签订的数据处理协议，与供应商共享数据。这类供应商（包括 Amazon Cloud 和 Microsoft Azure）会提供相应的服务。

你们的数据处理方法通过认证了吗？

为确认公司为用户提供最高安全保障，卡巴斯基的数据服务会定期接受第三方安全审计和评估。特别是，公司的数据服务已通过 ISO 27001 认证，并于 2022 年进行了重认证，由此扩大了认证范围，涵盖了处理网络威胁相关数据和统计数据的数据服务。该认证适用于公司在苏黎世、法兰克福、多伦多、莫斯科和北京的数据中心提供的数据服务。符合 ISO/IEC 27001:2013（国际公认的行业最佳实践和适用的安全标准），这是卡巴斯基实施和管理信息安全的核心方法。该认证由第三方认可的认证机构授予，展现了我们一直致力于最大程度地保障信息安全，同时也证明了卡巴斯基的数据服务符合行业领先的最佳实践。我们会根据客户和合作伙伴的要求提供重认证的最终报告。

家用产品卡巴斯基反病毒软件卡巴斯基安全软件卡巴斯基全方位安全软件所有产品免费反病毒软件 1-50 名员工的小型企业卡巴斯基中小企业安全解决方案所有产品 51-999 名员工的中型企业基础版网络安全解决方案标准版网络安全解决方案高级版网络安全解决方案所有产品 1000 名员工以上的大型企业网络安全服务卡巴斯基威胁管理和防御卡巴斯基网络安全 Hybrid Cloud Security Cybersecurity Training Threat Intelligence 所有解决方案 © 2024 AO Kaspersky Lab自适应安全技术基于专利 CN201821502 “信息设备的自适应安全性”及其在美国、俄罗斯和欧盟地区的同类专利。京ICP备12053225号京公网安备 11010102001169号隐私策略 Cookies反腐败政策许可协议 B2C 许可协议 B2B 联系我们关于我们合作伙伴资源中心新闻稿网站导航网站导航中国 (China)

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Deep Groove Ball Bearings

Tapered Roller Bearings

Needle Roller Bearings

Cylindrical Roller Bearings

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Crossed Roller Bearings

Self-aligning Ball Bearings

Angular Contact Ball Bearings

Thrust Ball Bearings

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Wheel Hub Bearings

Pillow Block Bearings

Linear Blocks&Rails

Thrust Roller Bearings

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If you are interested in cooperation, please contact us immediately, we will give you feedback as soon as possible!

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Reali Slim Thin Section Metric Bearings

The cross-section remains constant even in the case of larger shaft and housing bore diameters, also described as constant section (CS) bearings.

K13020CP0

K14020CP0

K15020CP0

K16020CP0

K17020CP0

K18020CP0

K19020CP0

K20020CP0

K25020CP0

K30020CP0

K32020CP0

K34020CP0

K36020CP0

K02520XP0

K05020XP0

K06020XP0

K07020XP0

K08020XP0

K09020XP0

K10020XP0

K11020XP0

K12020XP0

K13020XP0

K14020XP0

K15020XP0

K16020XP0

K17020XP0

K18020XP0

K19020XP0

K20020XP0

K25020XP0

K30020XP0

K32020XP0

K34020XP0

K36020XP0

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Reali Slim Thin Section Metric Bearings

The cross-section remains constant even in the case of larger shaft and housing bore diameters, also described as constant section (CS) bearings.

K02508AR0

K05008AR0

K06008AR0

K07008AR0

K08008AR0

K09008AR0

K10008AR0

K11008AR0

K12008AR0

K13008AR0

K14008AR0

K15008AR0

K16008AR0

K17008AR0

K18008AR0

K19008AR0

K20008AR0

K25008AR0

K30008AR0

K32008AR0

K34008AR0

K36008AR0

K02508CP0

K05008CP0

K06008CP0

K07008CP0

K08008CP0

K09008CP0

K10008CP0

K11008CP0

K12008CP0

K13008CP0

K14008CP0

K15008CP0

K16008CP0

K17008CP0

K18008CP0

K19008CP0

K20008CP0

K25008CP0

K30008CP0

K32008CP0

K34008CP0

K36008CP0

K02508XP0

K05008XP0

K06008XP0

K07008XP0

K08008XP0

K09008XP0

K10008XP0

K11008XP0

K12008XP0

K13008XP0

K14008XP0

K15008Xp0

K16008XP0

K17008XP0

K18008XP0

K19008XP0

K20008XP0

K25008XP0

K30008XP0

K32008XP0

K34008XP0

K36008XP0

J02508CP0

J05008CP0

J06008CP0

J07008CP0

J08008CP0

J09008CP0

J10008CP0

J11008CP0

J12008CP0

J13008CP0

J14008CP0

J15008CP0

J16008CP0

J17008CP0

J02508XP0

J05008XP0

J06008XP0

J07008XP0

J08008XP0

J09008XP0

J10008XP0

J11008XP0

J12008XP0

J13008XP0

J14008XP0

J15008XP0

J16008XP0

J17008XP0

K02513AR0

K05013AR0

K06013AR0

K07013AR0

K08013AR0

K09013AR0

K10013AR0

K11013AR0

K12013AR0

K13013AR0

K14013AR0

K15013AR0

K16013AR0

K17013AR0

K18013XP0

K19013XP0

K20013XP0

K25013XP0

K30013XP0

K32013XP0

K34013XP0

K36013XP0

K02520AR0

K05020AR0

K06020AR0

K07020AR0

K08020AR0

K09020AR0

K10020AR0

K11020AR0

K12020AR0

K13020AR0

K14020AR0

K15020AR0

K16020AR0

K17020AR0

K18020AR0

K19020AR0

K20020AR0

K25020AR0

K30020AR0

K32020AR0

K34020AR0

K36020AR0

K02520CP0

K05020CP0

K06020CP0

K07020CP0

K08020CP0

K09020CP0

K10020CP0

K11020CP0

K12020CP0

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Ultra Slim Extra Thin Section Bearings

Ultra-Slim Thin Section Bearings 2.5 mm wide, available in bore sizes ranging from 35 mm to 170 mm for an array of applications requiring compact motion control design components.

S03503AS0

S06003AS0

S07003AS0

S07403AS0

S08003AS0

S09003AS0

S10003AS0

S11003AS0

S12003AS0

S13003AS0

S14003AS0

S15003AS0

S16003AS0

S17003AS0

S03503CS0

S06003CS0

S07003CS0

S07403CS0

S08003CS0

S09003CS0

S10003CS0

S11003CS0

S12003CS0

S13003CS0

S14003CS0

S15003CS0

S16003CS0

S17003CS0

S03503XS0

S06003XS0

S07003XS0

S07403XS0

S08003XS0

S09003XS0

S10003XS0

S11003XS0

S12003XS0

S13003XS0

S14003XS0

S15003XS0

S16003XS0

S17003XS0

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Polyurethane Forming Bearing

PU,POM,PP,Plastic,Nylon,Polyurethane Coated Bearings

PU68310-3

PU68312-3

PU69310-4

PU69312-4

PU62315-4

PU68411-4

PU68413-4

PU62415-5

PU62416-5

PU62418-5

PU60416-5

PU68516-5

PU68517-10

PU60518-5

PU60519-7

PU62520-5

PU62520-6

PU62522-5

PU62522-7

PU62522-9

PU62525-9

PU69618-7

PU69619-5

PU69620-5

PU69620-6

PU69622-5

PU69622-6

PU69622-7

PU60621-9

PU60622-6

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Door&Window Rollers

PU,POM,PP,Plastic,Nylon,Polyurethane Coated Bearings polyurethane coated bearings are extremely precise and durable.

BS68312-3

BS68413-4

BS62315-4

BS60416-5

BS62418-5

BS60519-7

BS69620-6

BS69622-7

BS68822-7

BS60621-9

BS62624-8

BS62522-7

BS62522-9

BS62525-9

BS60828-7

BS60830-7

BS62626-8

BS62626-10

BS62630-9

BS62630-12

BS62635-14

BS62640-10

BS62633-7

BS60828-10

BS60830-11

BS60832-12

BS60835-15

BS60840-11

BS60840-13

BS60845-14

BS60848-16

BS600032-10

BS600035-11

BS600040-10

BS620036-13

BS620036-16

BS620040-12

BS690025.4-7

BS690128-8

BS600140-13

BS600145-14

BS620242-15

BS620243-15

BS620248-15

BS600250-15

BS620350-18

BS690450-15

BS60957-10

BS620359-18

BS600456-20

BSU62312.5-5R2.25

BSU62418-5R2

BSU60520-8R3

BS62521-6R1.5

BS62525-7R2

BS68620-8.5R3

BSU68622-8R3

BS60630-13R4.5

BS62626-8R3

BS60830-10R2.75

BSU60834-11R3.5

BSU69627-7R1.75

BSTU63540-18R4.5

BSTU62640-18R4.5

BSTU69840-18R4.5

BSTU680040-18R4.5

BSU60850-12R3

BSU620144-16R4.5

BSU620259-22R8

BSUF600045-13R3

BSV69621-10

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Harmonic Drive Bearings

Harmonic reducers are widely used in various cutting-edge fields such as industrial automation and robot arm joints,

CSF14-3516

CSF17-4216

CSF20-5016

CSF25-6218

CSF32-8022

CSF40-9524

CSF50-12031

CSF65-16039

CSF14-3516

CSF17-4216

CSF20-5016

CSF25-6218

CSF32-8022

CSF40-9524

CSF50-12031

CSF65-16039

SHF14-3516A

SHF17-4216A

SHF20-5016A

SHF25-6218A

SHF32-8022A

SHF40-9524A

SHF50-12031A

CSD-14

CSD-17

CSD-20

CSD-25

CSD-32

CSD-40

CSD-50

3E904KAT2

3E905KAT2

3E806KAT2

1000907AKIT2

3E907KAT2

3E809KAT2

1000809AKIT2

10008810AKT2

1000912AKT2

3E911KAT2

3E812KAT2

3E814KAT2

3E815KAT2

3E818KAT2

3E822KAT2

3E824KAT2

3E826KAT2

3E830KAT2

3E832KAT2

3E836KAT2

3E838KAT2

3E842KAT2

3E844KAT2

F14

F17

F20

F25

F32

M14

M17

M20

M25

M32

φ20

φ26.11

φ26.54

φ27.5

φ30

φ33.87

φ33.896

φ34

φ34.52

φ34.7

φ35.5

φ38.6

φ40.1

φ41.7

φ41.72

φ41.722

φ42

φ48

φ48.2

φ48.3

φ49.03

φ49.06

φ49.07

φ49.073

φ49.08

φ49.1

φ49.4

HDB80/110/16

HDB83/115/20

HDB90/120/18

HDB94/125/18.5

HDB100/140/25

HDB104/142/21

HDB120/160/24

HDB125/175/32

HDB150/200/30

HDB160/220/33

HDB180/240/35

HDB190/250/36

HDB220/300/45

HDB22/30/5

HDB22.79/28.8/3.8/4

HDB24/32/5

HDB25.2/34/6.3/6.05

HDB27/37/6

HDB30/40/6

HDB34/47/8

HDB35.8/48.2/8

HDB37/50/8

HDB42/58/10

HDB45/60/9

HDB45.1/61.3/6.35/9

HDB48/63/9.5

HDB52/72/12

HDB59/79.8/8.6/11.8

HDB60/80/12

HDB65/90/16

HDB72/95/15

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INSOCOAT Cylindrical Roller Bearing

An Insulated bearing is a standard bearing that has the external surfaces of its inner or outer ring plasma-sprayed with an aluminium oxide to form a coating.

NU 1010 ECP/C3VL0241

NU 210 ECM/C3VL0241

NU 310 ECM/C3VL0241

NU 1011 ECML/C3VL0241

NU 1011 ECP/C3VL0241

NU 211 ECM/C3VL0241

NU 311 ECM/C3VL0241

NU 1012 ECP/C3VL0241

NU 1012 ML/C3VL0241

NU 212 ECM/C3VL0241

NU 312 ECM/C3VL0241

NU 1013 ECP/C3VL0241

NU 213 ECM/C3VL0241

NU 313 ECM/C3VL0241

NU 1014 ECM/C3VL0241

NU 1014 ECP/C3VL0241

NU 214 ECM/C3VL0241

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INSOCOAT Deep Groove Ball Bearings

INSOCOAT Deep Groove Ball Bearings are designed to prevent electric current from passing through the bearing.

6314/C3VL0241

6215/C3VL0241

6315/C3VL0241

6216/C3VL0241

6316/C3VL0241

6217/C3VL0241

6317/C3VL0241

6218/C3VL0241

6318/C3VL0241

6219/C3VL0241

6319/C3VL0241

6220/C3VL0241

6320/C3VL0241

6222/C3VL0241

6322/C3VL0241

6224/C3VL0241

6324/C3VL2071

VIEW MORE +

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